Essay/Term paper: Hemp: a help or a hindrance?

Essay, term paper, research paper:  Alcohol and Drugs

Hemp: A Help or a Hindrance?

Hemp, also known as Cannabis sativa, marijuana, grass, and by many other names,
has not been a legal commercial crop in the United States for almost sixty years.
As common two centuries ago as cotton is today, hemp is not seen on the market.
As many groups fight for hemp to become legalized as a drug, many people are
battling for the plant to become legalized for its industrial and medical uses.
From Disney Indiana Jones hats to fuel for our automobiles, hemp is a
hardworking, environmentally sound renewable resource. People have become so
wrapped up in the "drug" aspect of marijuana that many are forgetting its uses
as an industrial material.

Hemp is an ancient drug, first mentioned in a Chinese manuscript in 2700 BC.
Its uses included treating gout, malaria, gas pains, and absent-mindedness.
Hemp was an integral part of early Indo-European religious ceremonies for
thousands of years. Records from Assyria in 650 BC referred to it as a drug
called azulla that was used for making rope and cloth, and which was also used
for experiencing euphoria. Hempen sails brought the Spanish, Dutch, and British
conquerors to the new world (Charpentier 18). In North America, hemp was
planted near Jamestown in 1611 for use in making rope. In order to keep a
constant supply of hemp available, a law was passed in Massachusetts in 1639,
requiring every household to plant hemp seed. In Maryland, Virginia, and
Pennsylvania, hemp was even used as a monetary unit. Thomas Jefferson's draft of
the Declaration of Independence, released by the Continental Congress on July 4,
1776, was written on paper made from hemp (Whole Earth Review 46). And the
49ers washed gold from California creeks in Levi's made from hemp. In 1937, the
United States government passed the Marijuana Tax Act which prohibited the use
of marijuana as an intoxicant and regulated its use as a medicine.

Although there are hundreds of ingredients in marijuana, the main ingredient is
a chemical called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC affects the brain and the
circulatory system, especially the heart. This makes the heart beat faster and
causes small blood vessels to expand. This is the most visible in the eyes,
where tiny capillaries swell and fill with blood, giving the eyes a bloodshot
look (Ravage 6).

Marijuana had its day of glory in the 1960s. Casual use was widespread, mainly
among college students, who saw it as a way to protest against the political and
social "establishment." The use of marijuana declined in the decades following
the '60s, but there is evidence that it is making a huge comeback-and with a
dangerous difference. Its use among teenagers is increasing.

A 1993 survey about marijuana found that more than twelve percent of the eighth
graders surveyed had tried marijuana at some time in their lives, and nearly
five percent had used it in the previous thirty days. Among tenth graders, 24
percent tried it at least once and more than 10 percent in the previous thirty
days. Among seniors, more than 35 percent had tried it and nearly sixteen
percent had used it in the past thirty days (Ravage 6).

With these numbers increasing, the federal government is trying to stop at
nothing to prevent people from using marijuana. But, unlike times before, there
is a new threat that needs to be dealt with. For the past forty decades, the
argument has mainly been whether or not to legalize hemp as a drug, but now
leaders are beginning to see hemp for its use as a strong industrial product.

For thousands of years, hemp's fibers have been used to make many different
kinds of fabric including clothing and rope. Lately even big companies like
Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, and Disney have been testing the waters and offering
some hempen products to the market. Not only can hemp fibers be used to make
fabric, a 1938 Popular Mechanics article states that hemp can be used to
manufacture over 25,000 products-ranging from cellophane to dynamite-and a 1916
U.S. Department of Agriculture bulletin calculated that over twenty years, one
acre of hemp would yield as much pulp for paper as 4.1 acres of trees. There
have been no more-recent studies to either confirm or discredit theses reports
(Barry 22).

Contrary to the belief of many people , the supply of wood for papermaking is
not inexhaustible. As early as 1916, the federal government understood that the
trees were running out; Bulletin 404 recommended the cultivation of hemp as an
alternative source of fiber for papermaking. The USDA figured out that the
supply of trees could barely last a century. We can see the logging industry
fading away because all the easily-obtained trees have been taken, and there
aren't that many left to harvest (Whole Earth Review 46). Even now in the
Pacific Northwest, economies are suffering due to the decreasing amount of trees
available. Their state governments are asking, "Could common hemp-more famed
for its smokability than its fiber in recent decades-help us out of our economic
doldrums?" (Wood Technology 8)

Kentucky Officials are facing a similar problem. Tobacco is the state's leading
cash crop, with yearly revenues in excess of $700 million. In 1994, farmers
reaped 14% less tobacco than in 1984. And according to recent investigations,
the future for the tobacco market is dim. Higher taxes on cigarettes, declining
numbers of smokers, corporate flight, and the possible collapse of special
government price protection spell imminent disaster for small tobacco harvesters.
One man has staked his political career on the ability of the hemp plan to
rejuvenate Kentucky's tobacco. Gatewood Galbraith has for years been a
supporter for the legitimacy of the hemp plant. Campaigning in his Hempmobile,
a 1980 Mercedes Benz fueled by hemp seed oil, Galbraith has caused a great stir
with Kentucky political leaders and has convinced them to consider a task force
to study the viability of hemp as a cash crop. Galbraith believes that if
Kentucky is the first state to legalize hemp, it could establish a near-monopoly
and give the economy a much needed boost (Charpentier 18). Even as recent as
this past week, a former employee of a major tobacco company, Phillip Morris,
has made accusations that nicotine, which is the addictive drug found in
cigarettes, was placed in cigarettes purposely to addict smokers to their
products so they would keep coming back for more. This is seriously going to
impact many tobacco companies and hard times are in the future.

Marijuana has also been found to be valuable in its medicinal uses. Beginning
in the 1980s, renewed interest in the therapeutic qualities of marijuana
prompted many medical researchers to study the possible effects of its use as an
antibiotic. The only authorized medical use of marijuana by the Food and Drug
Administration arises in the case of chemotherapy. The THC seems to help
patients who experience extreme nausea and vomiting that occur with chemotherapy.
Although its far from being a final cure, marijuana helps relieve pressure
caused by the eye disease, glaucoma. Research also indicates that short-term
smoking of marijuana has improved breathing in asthma patients. Muscle spasms
are relieved when patients with muscle disorders take marijuana. In England, it
has been used as an anti-depressant, and in South Africa, women smoke marijuana
to ease the pain of child birth.

Not only are people beginning to see hemp for its industrial and medical use,
they are seeing it as a way to possibly help reduce their taxes. A study was
done in 1992 concerning the potential tax revenues resulting from the speculated
legalization of marijuana. Michael R. Caputo, associate professor of
agriculture at the University of California, calculates that in 1991, at the
Drug Enforcement Agency's estimated figures of $120.94 per ounce, the total
retail value of the marijuana would have been between $5.09 and $9.09 billion,
had the marijuana trade been legalized and federally taxed.

Since the beginning of the 60s and the "hippie" movement, federal agencies, such
as the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, have made presses against hemp use. Their
primary concern being that marijuana causes harmful effects to people who smoke
it. It is now in the minds of American citizens that marijuana is a bad thing,
something that shouldn't be a part of our society. The ones who smoke it are
somewhat cast out of society, and due to this, the percentage of people who used
it decreased over the last few decades. Now, due to the alternative movement
and a sense of needing to rebel, many teenagers have again taken up the habit of
smoking marijuana. Thinking that this is an unacceptable situation, millions of
dollars are being spent to rid our country of marijuana. Officials feel that
the "high" that marijuana gives people can be dangerous, especially to our
teenagers.

But now, with our country's economy and natural resources suffering, many pro-
hemp companies can turn to the government and demand an explanation. Alcohol is
legal and has no significant industrial value at all and has been proven to
cause an equal amount or more damage than marijuana, so why isn't hemp
legalized?

There is no disputing that marijuana can be a harmful substance if misused. It
can cause damaging short and long term problems including effects on the
reproductive health of men and women. Use of marijuana during pregnancy is
known to be very harmful to a baby. On the other hand, there is no disputing
that hemp isn't a valuable industrial resource. With hemp being so versatile in
its uses, its hard to say that we can't "milk it for what it's worth."

I feel simply that marijuana should be legalized for use as a medical and
industrial used product. It offers too many advantages for the health of our
people and economy to turn away. The unfortunate thing is that there has been
an argument since the middle of this century about legalizing it as a drug.
Many contend that if alcohol is legal, then why shouldn't marijuana be. The
legalization of alcohol has been dealt with over time and it has been accepted,
but that doesn't mean that it is right. If there is already one bad thing out
there, why should there be two? There is no logical reason for us to purposely
endanger the health of our citizens any more that it already is. The alcohol
versus marijuana debate will live forever, but it has come a time for people to
see past it. It is not longer just a debate of a drug; there are significant
advantages of legalizing marijuana for forces of good. It is past time to stop
these petty discussions about getting high and understand the value of hemp as
it is. Marijuana should be legalized, but not for smoking or any other way to
experience euphoria. We have to use it for its industrial purposes. We need to
use it to replenish our forests, help spark dying economies in many states, and
at least to help comfort our ailing citizens.

The marijuana legalization issue has brought out the true colors of our society.
Some are so blind to things and so set in their ways that they cannot see and
accept that change is necessary. The marijuana drug issue is a big problem that
needs to be stamped out, but the laws aren't managing to do it. 1.3 million
teenagers smoked marijuana last year (USA TODAY Health). "Anyone who thinks
we've licked the drug problem in this country is living in a fantasy land," said
Health and Human Services Secretary Donna Shalala, whose department conducted
the survey. It has been the case thus far that no matter what the laws state,
people are still going to smoke marijuana. They aren't afraid to take the risk.
The government may not approve of this, but it is going to happen. Legalize
hemp to be used for its practical purposes.

For many years, there has been debate on whether or not to legalize marijuana.
Hemp has been used in many ways. From using it to get high, to making paper for
money. Throughout its history the plant has been very useful. It has proven to
be a valuable asset to our economy and is something that cannot simply be
brushed away. Although there are many people that abuse it, they are far many
more people that can benefit from its legalization.

Works Cited

"Tree Free Paper." Whole Earth Review Fall 1993: 46

Charpentier, Sean. "Kentucky's Tobacco vs. Hemp." Dollars and Sense
May-June 1991: 18

"Can hemp help Northwest solve its timber problem?" Wood Technology
May-June 1993 : 8

Ravage, Barbara. "Hemp or Health?" Current Health 2 Oct 1994 : 6

Mason, Alan. "Hemp for Victory." Whole Earth Review Fall 1993 : 48

Barry, John Byrne. "Is grass really greener?" Sierra Nov-Dec 1995 : 22

"Marijuana use among teens nearly doubles in two years." USA Today Nov 10, 1995
: Money